Discuss the Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art Essay

Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art "Highly visible yet evasively mute." Art critic Kobena Mercer, comments on the current position of African and Asian artists in Contemporary British Art, when he suggests that minority artists are seen and not heard. This oxymoronic position derives from a long historical legacy of European colonization and the emphasis on 'racial inferiority' and 'otherness.' On the one hand, British art is progressive, allowing some minority art in the general art world. Yet on the other hand minority art is still marginalized by the preferential treatment given to white artists. There is a strong degree of accuracy in Mercer's statement because while minority art can now be 'seen,' the 'voice' is suppressed when the 'ethnic element' is too strong. Subordination comes in many forms. Not only do minority artists have a limited gallery presence in major galleries, but finding information on them can be utterly impossible when the current focus of British art revolves around what it means to be British. The only minority artists that are visible are artists who either play up white stereotypes or allude to a Western artistic tradition. An examination of these artists and the current art climate, indicate that the visible presence of minority artists is controlled by preconceived traditions and perceptions. The difficulties facing minority artists in Britain today relate to the current climate of the art world. A quiet tug-o-war exists between the effort to globalize the British art and return to white dominance. Multiculturalism is everywhere; however, it often plays an artificial role in that its purpose is to fulfill a quota. The predominately white yBa movement defines the current art worl... ...the boat' too much. African/Asian artists must allude to either white stereotypes or traditions, to survive in an art world that continues to be dominated by the majority. Works Cited Chambers, Eddie interview with Petrine Archer Straw. From Annotations 5: Run through the jungle selected writings by Eddie Chambers. Edited by GilaneTawdrows and Victoria Clarke. London: inIva, 1999, pp 21-31 King, Catherine. Views of Difference: Different Views of Art. Yale University Press: London, 1999. Mercer, Kobena, 'Ethnicity and Internationality: New British Art and Diaspora-Based Blackness', Third Text, Winter 1999-2000, p 55 Robinson, Hilary. Visibly Female. 1986 from an interview with Yasmin Kureshi. Reworking Myths: Sutapa Biswas Stallabrass, Julian. High Art Light. Verso: London, 1999. from Ofili, interview with Marco Spinelli, 'Brilliant' pg. 7

Effects of modern gadgets to high school students Essay

PREFACE PART ONE What is a Person? Chapter 1 Missing Persons Chapter 2 An Apocalypse of Self-Abdication Chapter 3 The Noosphere Is Just Another Name for Everyone‟s Inner Troll PART TWO What Will Money Be? Chapter 4 Digital Peasant Chic Chapter 5 The City Is Built to Music Chapter 6 The Lords of the Clouds Renounce Free Will in Order to Become Infinitely Lucky Chapter 7 The Prospects for Humanistic Cloud Economics Chapter 8 Three Possible Future Directions PART THREE The Unbearable Thinness of Flatness Chapter 9 Retropolis Chapter 10 Digital Creativity Eludes Flat Places Chapter 11 All Hail the Membrane PART FOUR Making The Best of Bits Chapter 12 I Am a Contrarian Loop Chapter 13 One Story of How Semantics Might Have Evolved PART FIVE Future Humors Chapter 14 Home at Last (My Love Affair with Bachelardian Neoteny) Acknowledgments Preface IT‟S EARLY in the twenty-first century, and that means that these words will mostly be read by nonpersons—automatons or numb mobs composed of people who are no longer acting as individuals. The words will be minced into atomized search-engine keywords within industrial cloud computing facilities located in remote, often secret locations around the world. They will be copied millions of times by algorithms designed to send an advertisement to some person somewhere who happens to resonate with some fragment of what I say. They will be scanned, rehashed, and misrepresented by crowds of quick and sloppy readers into wikis and automatically aggregated wireless text message streams. Reactions will repeatedly degenerate into mindless chains of anonymous insults and inarticulate controversies. Algorithms will find

Cross-Cultural Management Issue - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3469 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Management Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Cross-cultural management focusses on studying the behavior of individuals from different cultures working together in an organizational setting. It deals with traditional behavioral issues in a workplace such as motivation, leadership, communication, and decision making (Velo, 2011), thus concentrating more on the micro-level study of people within an organization rather than the macro-level study of agencies themselves. Managing cross-cultural issues in international businesses involves more than hygiene factor of the dual-factor motivation theory, and embracing cultural diversity may bring either success or failure of a company. Key Findings Unclear branding positioning is the major cross-cultural management issue analyzed in this research. Brand positioning refers to giving brand benefits focusing on all points of contact with a consumer, giving them a reason to buy that brand in preference of others (Holden, 2006). It involves identifying a location of similarity or difference to create a proper brand identity and a clean brand image. For a business to attain a distinctive area in a market, it had to choose a market niche and gave a differential advantage carefully. It is this area that Marks and Spencer failed in the Chinese market, which is forcing the company to withdraw and close down its stores. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cross-Cultural Management Issue" essay for you Create order Main Recommendation Unclear branding positioning of the MS clothing line brought about disappointing results for the whole merchandise, with a 5.8% drop in sales (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). However, the companys food products are growing stronger and recorded high sales regardless of the cross-cultural management issue. Should reasonable measures be taken on general merchandise and clothing, the company would still be stable in recording top transactions and would not have considered withdrawing from China market. Since the Chinese are proud of buying the MS foods, necessary measures ought to be taken to improve the latter thus would not have to close its stores. Introduction About Marks and Spencer MS is a leading retailer in the UK whose headquarters are in Westminster, London. The company specializes in production and sale of clothes, home products, and luxury foods. Launched by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1884, the company started selling branded products and currently has 979 store in U.K and many other international outlets (Wildman, Griffith, Armon, 2016). The company has recently observed low sales in clothing while food sales are tremendously increasing. Issues and Affected Stakeholders Unclear branding positioning is the major problem affecting the company leading to the stores closure. The giant retailer is speeding up its plans to close down non-performing clothing stores and slowing down the expansion of its food chain (Wildman, Griffith, Armon, 2016). MS is no longer attractive and competitive as it used to be regardless of brand, quality, and price. The company is focusing on reshaping its market and concentrating on most successful locations to restore its high street fortunes. Due to the continued losses in China, the company is withdrawing from the Chinese market, and this will lead to the closure of about ten stores. It is substantially affecting the business, shareholders, and the retail industry. Aims and Outcomes Much as the Chinese love British products, it is unlikely that one will go up the vast building to pick a single imported product available next door in a smaller retail shop or buy expensive fancy clothes while there is a cheaper local alternative. It is unclear positioning that is causing MS to fail in this broad Chinese market thus giving an advantage to domestic companies. This analysis will, therefore, focus on ambiguous branding positioning as a cross-cultural management issue for the MS Company, alongside other problems affecting the success of the business. Discussion Approach to Cross-Cultural Management While the Chinese consider MS foods as premium, British, and high quality, they have a different opinion for fashion and merchandise as it does not gain traction. However, from a product perspective, MS delivers exceptional fashion hit, for example, the legendary dusty coat of AW13 (Warner Joynt, 2011). The retailer excellently positions its food offers through attractive communications and smart activations. With the focus on top quality, organic, and British produce, MS is keeping it simple and sustainable to meet customer expectations. The organization is slowly losing its obsession to protect its market share. Instead of trying to retain its market position by being all things to people a task that is almost impossible, MS is trying to redo its brand by moving upmarket. Its direction of travel is also evident since MS is not opening any more clothing branches, in fact, it is closing stores. After alienating the loss-making market, mark and spencers profits jumped from Euro 2 5.1m to 118.3m (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). The strategy does not look like a bad thing for the company. Besides, MS is significantly defeating traditional supermarkets regarding sales and profits regardless of its high prices. Engagement MS and its shareholders are making huge steps to make the company sales growth. The company is prioritizing improving performance in womenswear as well as increasing the food business, boosting margins, and observing tight control of costs. These move that MS is making towards brand positioning and supply chain will ultimately improve sales and profit margins if they work correctly. MS for instance, by increasing the product designs to 25pc and delivering clothing to stores more frequently, it will succeed to boost availability in stores and introducing new fashion frequently (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). The company now wants to focus on profits and generating cash instead of sales. In fact, the chief executive promised to improve MS profit margins in the clothing arm by 1pc, and the interim results already show growth in margins by 1.5pc (Warner Joynt, 2011). The improvement in margin is a sign that MS fashion business is picking up. The trend is a back up to the CEOs cl aims that the company is improving its quality and style of fashion. It is also gradually recovering from the discounting tradition. Marks and Spencer launched a marketing campaign using ?spend It Well slogan to represent a radical departure for its brand. ?Spend It Well is a slogan representing both food and clothing, and is the first series of advertisements for the brand (Nisbett et al., 2001). MS intends to promote a prevalent attitude that connects customers regardless of their age and demographic. The company, therefore, is using the slogan to focus on emotive experiences, such as being a music festival or waiting tables at the restaurant for consumers whether young or aged. There is entirely a revolution taking place as MS is adopting the discipline of increasing ads. It notably spent 4.9m pounds last year on advertisement campaign. The company now uses the review section of glossies and national press to promote fashion of its women clothing ranges. In fact, when the c ompany advertises its products, the sales rise. The company is taking up measures to revolve around products, merchandising, marketing, and pricing to bring a positive change that will bring about profit growth. Operations The new chief executive is changing the retailers strategy from owning expensive stores to growing the networks of franchise shops. Rowe wants to turn around MS after acquiring a company struggling with womens fashion. The executive aims at scaling back international expansion for the firm to dismantle the past legacy. Interestingly, Rowe already has scrapped down more than 500 head office jobs and reduced the senior management in an attempt to cut down operational costs. The chief executive also agrees that clothes prices are too high and has cut the rates for men and women fashion by up to 15% (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). Another move the company is making is selling its franchise in Hong Kong and Macau. It views this as a more profitable act and consumer-centric for international business. It has led to the closure of several stores in global markets particularly China. Through this, the company is focusing on growing established the franchise, joint ventures, and opera ting fewer stores. The shift and the considerable focus on the franchise model for global niches will significantly benefit MS. It will also help in focusing on the better building of brand image and developing its food products. Although the companys business is failing in China, the shift to focus on food is a worthy move. Analysis Critiques MS differentiates itself from competitor businesses through its brand name. The company gained massive recognition through its affordable quality and different product offerings. The positioning as a quality retailer is, unfortunately, losing its influence which is leading to the continuous sales decline (Nisbett et al., 2001). The company needs to seriously re-evaluate and restore its reputation and brand positioning for it to salvage its sales. The poor selection of store location, as well as reduced maintenance and structure of premises, is not doing MS any justice. The brand is currently more divided as ever since as people shop for food for pleasure, shopping for general merchandise is falling due to the functional stocking of basics and a series of unclear sub-brands (Burt et al., 2012). Even the fans of MS are now keeping quiet because they see it as a place to find hidden gems and not something to shout about in any real or virtual aspirational platforms. Clothing and th e general merchandise seems to be entirely a kettle of fish. Although many go in for socks, pants, and other small stuff, the rest of the more extensive confusing fashion line misses the mark. According to Nisbett et al. (2001), the supply chain has problems relating to timing and strategic entrance, location, and lack of integration. Marks and Spencer offer products that do not attract customers due to inappropriate designs and poor presentation in the Chinese market. Besides, the prices are too high and uncompetitive compared to the local offering. Many Chinese customers complain about packaging and labeling since the company does not include interpretations in a language they understand (Cartwright, Mccormick, Warnaby 2016). On the contrary, MS branches in the UK are well designed and presented correctly, and the market representation is so unique as opposed to the Chinese market. It is such unclear positioning that is making the company fail in China. The promotion side a lso has many weaknesses since there is no store and brand awareness about MS among people. It is even shocking that many Chinese heard of MS after starting to give discounts to close the stores (Cartwright, Mccormick, Warnaby, 2016). It is this rumor that made them know the company exists, an indication that the company is not taking an interest in marketing. MS uses a tiny advertisement budget which lacks to achieve a proper target audience. The business has zero social and cultural understanding, the main reason that facilitated stupid rumors about MS in China. Getting the products right in the fashion industry is crucial. In recent years MS experienced business downturns and lousy brand image due to being old fashioned. Although the company is recovering, it is repeating the same mistake in the Chinese market. According to (Cartwright, Mccormick, Warnaby, 2016), poor sizing, old fashion, poor positioning, and competitive offers are factors making the fashion products to fail . These are making Chinese shoppers show low interest because the clothes are too big and simple. The overall brand positioning is a mess. Evaluation of CCM Criteria In my opinion, the company is doing very little to stress more about its strengths. The retailer prices its products way beyond the market expectations, therefore, needs to adjust the amounts and market efficiently. The company lacks an accessible and broad marketing platform are necessary to succeed in external markets. It, therefore, has not done enough to solve its cross-cultural issues hence the failure. Again, MS traditionally shies away from above-the-line advertising and relies on in-store marketing and point-of-sale (Nisbett et al., 2001). The organization mainly does not seem convinced on investing in costly national TV campaigns. The companys advertising manager says that they will continue with in-store marketing because they have many loyal customers (Peterson Castro, 2006). This kind of thinking is wrong. The company needs to invest in promotional strategies to succeed in the competitive Chinese market. In this case, the company is failing in its cross-cultural man agement and therefore the problem is not appropriately addressed. Chinese shoppers spend much time on social media which creates a rapid and cheap delivery of goods leading to a booming e-commerce sector. MS, on the other hand, is building its online presence which is attracting pure comfort to expats because the retreat from high street will mean lower sales in food and wine in China (Nisbett et al., 2001). In short, the company continues to make losses due to little brand awareness and the fact that it is going online shows the determination to improve. MS is enlarging its scale of online shopping because Chinese consumers opt for more choices and great convenience is a great move. Rowe, the Chief Executive, has a strategy to reduce price ranges and cutting down on clearance sales and promotions while still improving the services (Warner Joynt, 2011). Since he also has programs to close some stores and restructuring others to reflect more online sales, the company is making moves to correct its mistakes. Although the plans are radicle, it shows to be a right strategy for the overall good of the society. The company may not be recording considerable differences in profits and loss accountability, but the thing is, MS is trying a lot to rectify the cross-cultural issues. The company embarked on closing underperforming departments and accelerating the expansion of the food chain. It also has five-year transformation plans to pin primary cost-cutting drives to reduce running costs by 10% from Euro 3.4bn (Peterson Castro, 2006). The company is making adequate progress to remedy urgent issues. The underlying clothing sales were initially flat, but since the company started making changes, a better outcome is now visible; an indication that MS is successfully tackling its issues. Recommendations Possible solutions and Appropriate Actions Focusing on a single occasional item is not enough for addressing the various brand problems surrounding Mark and Spencers fashion. The company has both a brand portfolio and masterpiece issue because with many sub-brands to navigate (Alden, Steenkamp, Batra, 2003). For example, having the autograph, indigo, and Classic among other sub-brands, its fashion experience looks confusing and disjointed. MS can focus on reducing some sub-brands instead of trying its master brand more likable. It could, for instance, have the entire fashion line just known as MS instead of hiding in these many sub-brands. MS has to become clearer about what it stands for, for it to increase the strength of the master brand. The company is in a better position for its quality which has always been part of its heritage. As proven by food, MS can quickly get it right by delivering quality products at a premium. Therefore, for further quality message differentiation, MS can adopt the British message qualit y. Although the company brands are dipped into Britishness through ranges such as ?Best of British, doing this through sub-brands instead of the master brand message is not competent enough to change the overall perception of the brand (Alden, Steenkamp, Batra, 2003). Furthermore, the company can look at other successful British premium brands and then establish the various elements of Britishness it can own and weave into its messaging. Other retailers are pursuing aggressive marketing strategies and repositioning their brands to compete with MS. Others like Asda are setting themselves to match the MS quality and at better prices. On the advertising side, MS ought to address the brand issues head-on instead of focusing on a single product or a seasonal story (Burt et al., 2002). The company can for example overtly acknowledge contradictions in its brand in a cheeky way, just like Skoda did recently. Doing this would be like tapping into real consumer truth rather than adding mo re products in an ambiguous manner that doesnt even get into the core of the matter. In addition to brand strategy, portfolio, and messaging, the CEO should focus on ensuring the in-store experience and product offers live up to enviable heritage and reputation of the brand. Currently, the brand experience defines the name, and neither the customers nor the fans would attest that MS shop experience embodies British quality. The business can notably increase productivity through a focus on IT, by optimizing the number of people who work on projects and improving the speed of delivering solutions (Burt et al., 2002). The management can build a self-service agility and teamwork between the business and IT to restructure its services and productivity. The company needs to revise its pricing strategy to match the local terms using a fare basis and customer purchasing power. Clients and public relation management is an essential factor for long-term success. Premium price justifies the reason for inclusion and MS can use this as a competitive tool against other retailers. Not to mention, the store structure should correspond to Chinese trends for people to find it safe and comfortable. If the company incorporates the above recommendations is its marketing, it will achieve its goals and objectives in China. Conclusions The Chinese market is a promising one and is generating a massive turnover for established brands. Because the consumer market is shifting to less developed countries, MS should not lose its place in these significant emerging markets. I would say that Ms underestimated the uniqueness of the Chinese market by not choosing the proper market strategy for entry. It is this that has brought about barriers in language, social class, culture among others. The China model of MS proves the importance of global marketing. A strong brand with excellent heritage and quality products is failing in the market, the same market overtaking US luxury goods consumption. The essential factor is an appreciation of the market localization and uniqueness, proper cross-cultural management, which ultimately make a difference in market entry and strategy that MS has been struggling with for long. For Marks and Spencer to win back its market niche and get profits, it needs to reduce the number of sub- brands in both men and women wear. A loyalty scheme would also encourage consumers and give MS information about how and when customers shop, the preferences, and personal information. The company also needs to redefine and recognize their target audience, as well as go back to basics that made the successful before the tragic drop in sales. Although globalized, fashion requires localization when entering a new market. Many western companies such as MS forget to localize their styles and advertising. The use of celebrity images from UK and Europe fails to resonate with Chinese consumers. It is crucial that the company uses the right product selection and style for its advertising image. It has to be customized to suit the Chinese market. The company also requires solving merchandizing issues through brand customization because different customers have different behaviors and fashion preferences. References Velo, V. (2011). Cross-cultural management. New York: Business Expert Press. Holden, N. (2006). Cross-cultural management: a knowledge management perspective. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Wildman, J. L., Griffith, R. L., Armon, B. (2016). Critical issues in cross cultural management. Switzerland: Springer. Warner, M., Joynt, P. (2011). Managing across cultures issues and perspectives. Andover: Cengage Learning. Burt, S. L., Mellahi, K., Jackson, T. P., Sparks, L. (2002). Retail internationalization and retail failure: issues from the case of Marks and Spencer. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,12(2), 191-219. doi:10.1080/09593960210127727 Cartwright, J., Mccormick, H., Warnaby, G. (2016). Consumers emotional responses to the Christmas TV advertising of four retail brands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,29, 82-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.11.001 Alden, D. L., Steenkamp, J. E., Batra, R. (2003). Brand Pos itioning Through Advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: The Role of Global Consumer Culture. Journal of Marketing,63(1), 75. doi:10.2307/1252002 Mellahi, K., Jackson, P., Sparks, L. (2002). An Exploratory Study into Failure in Successful Organizations: The Case of Marks Spencer. British Journal of Management,13(1), 15-29. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00220 Peterson, M.F. and Castro, S.L. (2006) `Measurement Metrics at Aggregate Levels of Analysis: Implications for Organizational Culture Research and the GLOBE Project , Leadership Quarterly 17: 506†21. Nisbett, R.E., Peng, K. , Choi, I. and Norenzayan, A. (2001) `Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic vs. Analytic Cognition , Psychological Review 108: 291†310.

Marx s View Of The Dialectic - 902 Words

When thinking of this reaction paper, it was difficult to narrow down the theories and ideas of Marx into a few pages, as he has so much relevant work. The majority of Marx’s work was dedicated to inequality, especially inequality under Capitalism. This inequality is best seen by the exploitative relationship between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The key theme with this relationship is that the bourgeoisie own the means of production, and take advantage of the proletariat who do not own their own means of production, which forces them to sell their labor. This leads to Marx’s view of the dialectic. A central contradiction of capitalism, and in my opinion one of his most important ideas, is that the capitalist (bourgeoisie) must exploit†¦show more content†¦Next I will discuss strengths of Marx’s theory. A major strength of Marx’s theory on is that it provides a comprehensive explanation of the power struggle that conceptually occurs within a ca pitalistic society. This explanation is extremely comprehensive and covers not only macro-social aspects, but also micro-social aspects which helps understand more clearly the proletariat’s struggle with human potential, alienation, etc. It is relatively rare for sociology to focus extensively on micro-social interactions for explanations, which is a strength of Marx. I think this theory on capitalism is a great conceptual theory, but is not entirely applicable in the real world, which some frown upon. Another strength is the focus on not only the present, but also the past and future. Along with this, it is important to point out that even though Marx eluded to a future of communism, he did not spend too much time depicting what this new world would be like, according to Ritzer (73). Yet another strength is Marx’s political and economic background. Not only was he a very influential sociologist, but an economist and philosopher. This background allowed Marx to bring views from other fields into his theory of capitalism. When speaking to the weaknesses of Marx’s theory, Ritzer points out that several failed communistic states have turned into a more capitalistic form of governance (73). Marx envisioned

The Federal Bureau Of Investigation Essay - 885 Words

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The Federal Bureau of Investigation enforces and carries out the criminal laws of the United States. â€Å"The mission of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and inter national agencies and partners† (Quick Facts). The Federal Bureau of Investigation is an intelligent, driven, and threat-focused organization that serves to protect the nation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation plays an important role in the United States. Currently the Federal Bureau of Investigation has more than 200 violation categories of federal law. It defends the United States against terrorism, public corruption, cyber-crime, counterintelligence, civil rights, and organized crime. 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According to Roth (2014), instead of seeking solely to identify individuals who are actively engaged in criminal conduct, now agents also have deliberately sought to identify individuals who might be willing to aid acts of terrorism, even if they are not currently involved in such activities (p. 981). The vagueness of th e term willing and its legal implications can

Abortion misc13 Essay Example For Students

Abortion misc13 Essay Many people believe abortion is a moral issue, butit is also a constitutional issue. It is a womans right to choose what she does with her body, and it should not be altered or influenced by anyone else. This right is guaranteed by the ninth amendment, whichThe ninth amendment states: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not beconstrued to deny or disparage others retained bythe people. This right guarantees the right to women, if they so choose, to have an abortion, upRegardless of the fact of morals, a woman has the right to privacy and choice to abort her fetus. The people that hold a pro-life view argue that a womanwho has an abortion is killing a child. The pro-choice perspective holds this is not the case. A fetus is not yet a baby. It does not posess the criteria derived from our understanding of living human beings. In a notable defense of this position, philosopher Mary Anne Warren has proposed the following criteria1) consciousness (of objects and events external and or internal to the being), and in particular the capacity 2) reasoning (the developed capacity to solve new 3) self-motivated activity (activity which is relativelyindependent of either genetic or direct external control)4) the capacity to communicate, by whatever means, messages of an indefinite variety of possible contents,but on indefinltely many possible topics. 5) the presence of self-concepts, and self-awareness,either individual or social, or both. (Taking Sides Several cases have been fought for the right to choose. Many of these have been hard cases with very personal feelings, but the perserverance showed through and gives us the rights we have today. Here are some important cases: 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut upheld the right to privacy and ended the ban on birthcontrol. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled the right to privacy included abortions. Roe v. Wadewas based upon this case. 1973 Roe v. Wade: The state of Texas had outlawed abortions. The Supreme Courtdeclared the law unconstitutional, but refused toorder an injunction against the state. On January 22, 1973,the Supreme Court voted the right to privacy included abortions. In 1976, Planned Parenthood v. Danforth (Missouri) ruled that requiring consent by the husband and the consent from a parent if a person was under 18 was unconstitutional. This case supported a womans control over her own bodyJustice William Brennan stated: If the right to privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwanted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision to Abortion is one of the most controversial issuesin the world today. Everyone has their own individual opinion. A womans body is hers and hers alone. Nobody has the right to make her do something thatshe does not want to. The Supreme Court has statedit is the womens right to have an abortion, if sheso chooses, according to Roe v. Wade. In later cases however, the Court has upheld Roe in Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992). In the same ruling, though, the Court gave states new powers to restrictaccess to abortions. (Hardy, pg. 189). Abortion deals with ones private life and should have nothing to do with the government. However, abortion should not be used as a means of birth control, but if a fetus will be unwanted, it is better to be aborted than to Many people try to force their beliefs on others and judge them for their actions. These people needto judge themselves before they start to judge others. The bottom line is no matter what anyone thinks the laws speak for themselves. It is a womansright to privacy to control her reproductive system Although there are some restrictions on abortion, due to the states rights, it is still ultimatelythe womans choice. It is not a requirement for some states to fund for abortions, therefore, especially in these states it should be the womanschoice. Abortion is an issue of women, and so it should be the womans right to choose. She has thefree will to consider others views and opinions suchas that of the father, but it is her ultimate decisionBibliography:Dana PentoneyKare n SipesJen RoaneGovernment in Americaby Richard J. Hardycopyright 1994page 189Taking Sides on Clashing Views of ControversialBioethical Issuesby Carol LevineVolume 3 copyright 1991pages: 4-8

Warren G. Harding Essays - Warren G. Harding, Return To Normalcy

Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding was an affluent speaker, he gave the business a free hand, and his return to normalcy led to a fairly decent presidency, plagued with a only few political scandals. He was born in the town of Corsica, Ohio in on November 2, 1865. His first real 30b was an editor of the local newspaper, and that is what got him interested in public affairs. He was married to Florence Kling DeWolfe, against her father's wishes who was a prestigious banker of Marion. She became a major influence in his life, and as his fortune improved under her watchful eye he became more of a prominent figure in the local community then finally attracting the attention of political authorities. He won the seat on the Ohio Senate, then served on William H. Taft's committee at the Republican national convention. He ran for lieutenant governor and was shot down, then was defeated for governor; he then ran for the senatorial nomination and finally won. He liked serving in Senate and really made no important speeches or introduced any important legislation. Having respectable qualities as a senator he was nominated to run for the presidential office by the Republicans. His campaign promises is one of the better known ones, he promised to return the country to normalcy a word he used to describe the good old days. He never really challenged the any major topics in his campaign promises mainly sticking to old Republican virtues so as not to cause any conflict. He also was on the fence for other legislation at the time such as the league issues. He mainly was a indifferent machine mouthing what the party told him to and not be creative or real with his own ideas. One main reason I believe this is because he did not really want the office, but felt more at home at the Senate but could not give up the opportunity. Some topics he used in his administration were as follows. He passed ship subsidies, a high tariff, immigration restrictions, and a Federal Budget system that lowered taxes. All of these were passed, except for the ship one, and made the country run smoothly for a time. Some major events that were taldog place in his time were one's of his own actions. One major action not of his fault was a major decline in the agricultural sections of the country were starting to effect the nation, and the Republicans soon were ousted and his friends began to stab him in the back. The Teapot Dome scandal involving the selling of naval oil reserves to private landowners, which caused major controversy in his term. Many of his other attributes were also being questioned, the Veteran's Bureau, and the Alien Property Custodians office were all being investigated. Even his Attorney General, Albert B. Fall was under close surveillance and investigation. He really didn't change history because of his way of going with the flow and never standing out on a limb. On a small not it showed the public that the oval office was not free from everything. Some of his not-so major legislation was the way he had a Laissez Faire economics about him. He gave the business a Ree hand and pretty much let them run free. This was just a way of backing the Republican Party's values. Some might say that because of these actions in a small way he contributed to the Great Depression. Like I said before he was a major floater through the office. I think the way he would effect the USA today would be his Laissez Faire economics and for example would not have caused or even questioned the break up of Microsoft. He would want the country to be like it was in the good old days so he would not really work to change anything drastic just make it more normal to his standards. He probably would have ordered company's to become y2k compliant, but that is about it. The simple reason being that it would continue to make the nation unchanged. He would have showed the world a different type of campaigning by staying in his hometown and that if anyone wanted to