Cost Behave in Management Accounting

Question: Examine about the Cost Behave in Management Accounting. Answer: Presentation: Cost act in two essential manner in cost bookkeeping. With the expansion in yield, either the expense of items increments or the cost stays detached paying little mind to level of yield. Variable expense might be characterized as the cost that changes with the degree of yield created. For instance, work and crude material necessity in creating the yield. Corporate cost is viewed as factor cost and they vacillate with yield level. Contingent on the volume of creation of association, variable expenses fluctuates. With the expansion in level of yield, the variable costs increments and they fall with the fall in level of yield. There is a huge contrast between factor cost and fixed expense as the later stays unaltered regardless of level of yield created. Fixed expense inside an association is lease, office providers and protection. Complete expenses involved fixed just as factor costs. An undertaking can be finished and the vital components incudes variable costs that may include direct work costs or direct material expenses. The bundling of the item o organization includes the variable expenses, as the coast would differ contingent on the quantity of bundles. Cost of bundling of the item would increment if the organization builds the volume of items it is delivering. Then again, there would be a fall in cost of bundling if the less items were sold. Conversation: Fixed expenses are such costs that must be acquired by the organization whether the items are created or not. Over the scope of creation or determined period, the fixed cost stays fixed. With the expansion or lessening for items delivers and sold, the fixed costs stays unaffected. It is acquired regardless of whether the organization is having zero creation. Notwithstanding the business exercises of the organization, they need to acquire and pay fixed expenses. Alongside the variable costs, fixed expenses is additionally viewed as one of the segment of all out expenses. Independent of level of creation, it isn't feasible for the business to stay away from fixed expenses, as it is a working cost. Earn back the original investment investigation for the most part utilize fixed costs that is utilized to decide the creation level, valuing and deals (Otley Emmanuel, 2013). It is viewed as the degree of expenses under which the organization doesn't make benefit nor it brings about misfortune. The absolute cost structure of organization is decayed into complete fixed expenses and all out factor costs. An association can guarantee its degree of productivity with the assistance of its all out cost structure. The aggregate sum of income required by the organization with the goal that the absolute variable and fixed costs are secured is controlled by earn back the original investment point during determined time. Incomes can be expressed in various estimation, for example, it very well may be estimated by conveying the administrations in hours or it tends to be expressed in units. The degree of yield at which the all out expense of doing the business or costs engaged with delivering the yield is actually equivalent to the aggregate sum of income earned by the business is the equal the initial investment point (Kaplan Atkinson, 2015). An association can ascertain the business income by duplicating the cost of the items by the quantity of level of yield created. Such count should be possible at any degree of yield created. An organization utilizes presumption for ascertaining the earn back the original investment point that adjustment in income is related with the adjustment in level of deal s. Notwithstanding, such supposition may not remain constant in a portion of the cases since, it is positively conceivable that organization will have differing level of gainfulness because of the redirection of items. For catching the eye of clients and with the variety sought after, the organization may differentiate the clients. There are numerous reasons that is owing to increment in the selling cost and it might increment because of selling the items in enhanced market and not because of selling cost emerging from the extra unit creation. The explanation the selling cost in two unique markets will be extraordinary. The market cost of security is actually equivalent to the expenses at the value level that is dictated by utilizing the earn back the original investment investigation. In case of exchanging alternatives, purchasers of choice is reached at the choice giving utilizing the make back the initial investment examination and the cost must be reached by purchaser for purchasing the choices for maintaining a strategic distance from misfortune if the choices are practiced by them. Premium followed through on and the activity cost decides the breakeven point for a byer purchasing call choice. Then again, the make back the initial investment point for purchaser of put position is dictated by deducting the premium addressed from the strike cost. For buying the option to sell or purchase the specific stocks at a predefined time, choices are practiced by financial specialists. It is required by financial specialist to get mindful of the market cost and whether they are producing misfortune or addition. In this way, earn back the original investment is viewed as imperative to speculators as it encourages them with the venture choices. Deducting all the related variable costs structure the cost of items gives the commitment edge and for every unit of items sold, the outcome is gradual benefit. The all out procuring accessible for creating the benefit and paying the fixed costs is given by the all out commitment edge. In circumstance of unique estimating, the choice to permit a lower evaluating is controlled by commitment edge. It would not be savvy for the association to sell the item at cost where the commitment edge is negative or too much low. The idea of commitment edge is relevant in numerous territories and it incorporates benefit focus, auxiliaries, product offering, client deals and dispersion channel. The commitment edge can be acquired by deducting the all out factor costs from the income produced by the net income. The variable expense of any items includes cost of direct crude material and deals commission for selling the items. The commitment edge proportion is communicated as rate and it is the contrast among deals and variable cost. Examination: In relationship with group logos, Kincaid Company sells banners. The organization has a variable cost of $ 4.20 per banner and the complete fixed costs remains at $ 639600. Henceforth, the cost of each banner to be sold is $ 12.00. It is point, which is, pre-decided at which the financial specialist would leave the market on the off chance that it were in productive position. KinCaid Company sells banners at the breakeven purpose of 82000 banners and this is considered as the objective of the organization items to be sold each year. The objective benefit is contrasted and the genuine salary produced a n delineated in the pay articulation and it is acquired from the way toward planning. The formal for figuring the objective benefit is gotten by deducting the variable just as fixed expenses from the net income. It is required by Kincaid to make deals worth $ 1034000. It is acquired by including the objective benefit with the fixed expenses and afterward isolating into the commitment proportion. The aftereffect of unbeneficial activity of organization is recorded and delineated in the commitment edge of the pay articulation for the year finishing 31st December 2016. The information portrays deals income of $ 900000, fixed expense of $ 639600, variable expense of $ 315000, working loss of $ 54600 and commitment edge of $ 585000. Impact of charges, intrigue costs and intrigue salary isn't considered in the working misfortune. In any case, now and again costs concerning devaluation may be incorporated. An organization would require outside financing in the event that it is reliably producing working misfortunes. Regardless of whether the center activities of the organization is productive or not is demonstrated by the working misfortune. It is in this way required to either diminish the expense s or increment the income. For some new businesses, working misfortune is relied upon as they endeavor to develop their business on quicker pace. Reference: Kaplan, R. S., Atkinson, A. A. (2015).Advanced administration bookkeeping. PHI Learning. Otley, D., Emmanuel, K. M. C. (2013).Readings in representing the board control. Springer.

Theories of Development

Hypotheses of Development There are numerous parts of brain research. The field of human advancement is isolated into five hypothesis gatherings. The hypothesis bunches are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. Every hypothesis bunch has many contributing scholars. A few speculations cover while others are free. Regularly speculations are sound though others cause doubt. There are numerous supporters of the universe of brain science with various perspectives and convictions about human turn of events. Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud was one of the most persuasive supporters of the field of psychology.Freud was conceived in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud got a doctorate in medication. Freud’s primary focal point of study was nervous system science; this drove himâ to beginâ concentrating his exploration on anxious scatters. Freud’s look into carried him to his psychoanalytical hypothesis. Freud’s hypothesis proposes that an individua l’s oblivious procedures or contemplations add to one’s character and impacts one’s conduct. Freud’s hypothesis incorporated the idea that character is made out of three components: the id (delight searcher), the inner self (manages reality), and the superego (one’s feeling of right and wrong).Freud additionally accepted that human improvement comprised of five psychosexual stages: the oral stage (birth-year and a half), butt-centric stage (year and a half 3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), inertness stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The hypothesis incorporated the conviction that on the off chance that one needs to build up a solid character, one needs to finish each of the five psychosexual stages effectively. Another extraordinary supporter of the Psychodynamic field of brain research is Erik Erickson. Erickson was conceived in 1902, in Germany. Erickson went around Europe and went to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Instit ute.Erickson was charmed by Freud’s hypothesis, anyway Erickson accepted that improvement happened all through one’s life expectancy and that one’s character is formed intentionally from social associations. Erickson built up the psychosocial hypothesis of character improvement. The hypothesis incorporates eight phases of improvement: Trust versus doubt (birth a year), Autonomy versus disgrace and uncertainty (a year 3 years), Initiative versus blame (3-6 years), Industry versus mediocrity (6-12 years), Ego character versus personality dissemination (12-18 years or more established), Intimacy versus solation (18-40 years), Generativity versus self-assimilation (40-65 years), and Integrity versus despair (65 years and more established). As indicated by Craig and Dunn (2010),â Erickson’s hypothesis accentuates social associations and contends that an unmistakable piece of every individual depends on the way of life wherein the individual is raised, contin gent vigorously upon the individual’s connections withâ caregiversâ during early stages. Social powers keep on forming character all through the life expectancy as the individual encounters associations with others (p. 13). Psychological TheoryThe intellectual hypothesis endeavors to clarify human conduct. This hypothesis of brain science attempts to comprehend the manner of thinking behind one’s character or conduct. Two of the principle psychological scholars are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The two scholars have made considerable progress to assist us with understanding the intellectual hypothesis. The psychological way to deal with brain research has demonstrated a great deal of progression from the commitments made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the establishment for different scholars to accomplish more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had comparative musings on how youngsters learn.Both scholars accepted that kids learn and think uniquely in contrast to g rown-ups and that kids adapt effectively, through hands-on encounters. Piaget proposed that kids think uniquely in contrast to grown-ups. He built up this conviction from perceptions and his stage hypothesis of improvement. He was one of the primary scholars to express that kids are effectively picking up their own insight into the world. Piaget frequently alluded to youngsters as â€Å"little scientists†. The purpose for the epithet is Piaget accepted that youngsters in free play were directing their own â€Å"experiments† on the planet to pick up their own insight from it.One way that Piaget accepted that kids were learning object perpetual quality, was by folding a ball into the other room and afterward going to get it. This was the characteristic route for youngsters to gain from their own â€Å"experiment†. Piaget built up a hypothesis of intellectual turn of events, known as the Development Stage Theory. Piaget’s hypothesis is broken into four phase s. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which happens from birth to two years old. Kids utilize their five faculties and development to encounter the world. Kids are totally egocentric.Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, happens from 2 years old to seven years of age. They should have the option to sort out their own contemplations and thoughts. The third stage is Concrete tasks stage, from seven years of age to eleven years of age. This phase of reasoning gets composed on a psychological plane. The fourth and last phase of Piaget’s hypothesis is formal activities. This stage happens from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the domain of absolutely unique and speculative (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was an analyst; his advantage was formative brain science, kid advancement and education.Vygotsky likewise considered children’s play. Vygotsky was a Marxist; an individual that accepts that we can comprehend people just with regards to the social-recorded condition (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky introduced the zone of proximal turn of events (ZPD). The ZPD is the range where a youngster can finish assignments all alone and errands that they can finish with direction from grown-ups to help. The ZPD catches a child’s subjective degree of development (Crain, 2011). This technique is direction help; the youngsters increase new abilities with insignificant assistance.This strategy enables every kid to grow similarly in the study hall. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development impact the course of improvement all through an individual’s lifetime. Some formative procedures incorporate development during the pre-birth period, the beginning of adolescence, and when an individual gets their first silver hair. Most improvement through the life expectancy is a consequence of progressive communications among science and experience. (Craig and Dunn, 2010, p. 4)â There are variables of natural advancement that thinks ab out development, ethology, and attachment.Jean-Jacques Rousseau brought a few keys into formative hypothesis and proposed an organic timetable that incorporated these parts. Development, a hypothesis made by Gesell, is the improvement of development and maturing after some time and relies vigorously upon organic procedures. The hypothesis expresses that improvement has a destined succession, that the rates differ yet the arrangement doesn't, and relies vigorously upon the inner make up and the earth. The hypothesis fundamentally recommends that advancement starts in the belly. The hypothesis proceeds to gauge the advancement of a kid in the initial hardly any long stretches of life.Maturation definitions incorporate equal mediating, useful asymmetry, self-guideline, uniqueness, proximodistal, ontogeny/phylogeny, designing and others. Ethological speculations have significant impacts on natural turn of events. Ethology is the investigation of conduct inside the transformative system. It is the study of creature conduct and the investigation of human conduct and social association from a natural point of view. The hypothesis expresses that how an individual believes is passed down hereditarily. Learning has a little job in this theory.Charles Darwin, who composed the â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, is remembered for this hypothesis. In spite of the fact that dubious, Darwin’s hypothesis of natural selection and normal determination shows that advancement is a central point in a person’s improvement. Advancement is accurate and gives individuals the hereditary qualities that make skin shading, stature, and so forth. Konrad Lorenz composed, â€Å"Modern Ethology† and found engraving. He indicated this is a basic holding period when creatures are conceived. Creatures bond with the main thing they see after they are conceived, be it their mom or any caregiver.Lorenz concentrated with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their wor k with creature designs. Ethology incorporates naturalistic perception, intuitive conduct, and engraving. Frameworks Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy initially proposed general frameworks hypothesis, in 1928. Bertalanffy was conceived and experienced childhood in a little town close to Vienna. He experienced childhood in a rich family and had private mentors. After Bertalanffy’s guardians separated, he found another guide to follow, Paul Kemmerer, an acclaimed scientist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffy’s neighbor. Kemmerer before long turned into a model for Bertalanffy.Bertalanffy went to the University of Vienna. Right now he needed to pick between contemplating reasoning and science. Bertalanffy decided to turn into a researcher. Bertalanffy was a teacher at numerous colleges. Numerous early scholars that concentrated about system’s hypothesis pointed their work and research to locate a general system’s hypothesis that would clarify all the frameworks in the ent irety of the fields of science. Bertalanffy built up the â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre†. The â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre† is a German expression that implies a framework that can be applied in various fields. He didn't care for when it converted into â€Å"General Systems Theory†.His thought cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or perspective that involves Epistemological (investigation of nature), ontological (identifying with presence), and moral ramifications. Frameworks can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today analysts are as yet utilizing the investigations and discoveries from Bertalanffy. Different specialists of the system’s hypothesis are Barker, â€Å"Behavior Settings† and Learner who accomplished work on future and condition

Fall Festival 2014

Fall Festival 2014 Today was apparently the MIT Undergraduate Associations Fall Festival. I was unaware of this until I happened upon a food truck giving out large containers of gourmet fries outside Kresge this afternoon, and saw a poster that said this food truck along with one giving out gourmet grilled cheese would be here from 3-5pm today. Either 1) I am getting very desensitized to event emails because we get so many every day or 2) I am oblivious to the world around me. Both are valid options. Either way, I got some tasty free fries this afternoon. Also, the Fall Festival means some performer/entertainers are invited to perform on campus. This year, the comedy duo was two of the actors from the HBO show Silicon Valley, which a couple friends and I conveniently watched this summer out of boredom/curiosity/etc. These were the posters plastered all around campus: A couple of us bought tickets because why not see some TV actors irl and quite possibly be entertained? Theres really not much to lose. The opening comedian was from ImprovBoston and she was spectacular. She had a very deadpan, Aubrey Plaza-like delivery, which pretty much falls right in line with my sense of humor. Then Thomas Middleditch and Kumail Nanjiani came on separately. They both had very different comedic styles, which is harder to see on camera but extremely clear when they write their own bits. I think at one point I was near-tears because of Kumails jokes about his parents trying to give him positive reactions/Amazon reviews for his Comedy Central showâ€"there is something hilarious and universal about the way parents who didnt speak English as their first language and grew up in different cultures try to (but ultimately dont quite) express support/pride in their children. Speaking from experience. At the end, they both came onstage and were answering questions about their lives and/or Silicon Valley, which pretty much gave me the perfect opening to ask the age-old admissions blogger question  (thanks, Snively), If your name was a unit of measurement, what would it be and why? Kumail thought I was referencing a bit he had done in the past (clearly, he was unintentionally prepared for such a question), and answered that the Kumail would be a scale of magnitude for the danger/force of a torpedo. A 5 Kumail torpedo would be a serious disaster, but a 1 Kumail torpedo maybe less so. The Middleditch became more of an adjective than a unit of measurement, but by unspoken rules we have to keep the celebrity-defined version intact. He basically described wanting to create a phenomena in which Thats so Middleditch describes something that would be something he would do, either positive or negative. Dropping something on the ground; Thats so Middleditch! Or successfully bringing someone back to your room/apartment/whatever; Thats so Middleditch! (These are both examples he gave when trying to define it.) I guess its sort of a measurement of how much your behavior mimics his life, which may or may not be quantifiable. If youre curious, my friend Rachel R. 16 recorded me asking the question and their responses (shes actually the best) so you can listen and watch for yourselves, if youre curious! She also should get credit for pushing me to ask the question in the first place, because I was definitely too awkward to raise my hand and shout it out by myself (but she made sure my hand stayed up and in sight so they just HAD to call on me eventually true friendship right there, folks.) Post Tagged #Unit of Measure

The Biography and Inventions of Inventor Thomas Edison

Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio; the seventh and last child of Samuel and Nancy Edison. When Edison was seven his family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. Edison lived here until he struck out on his own at the age of sixteen. Edison had very little formal education as a child, attending school only for a few months. He was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, but was always a very curious child and taught himself much by reading on his own. This belief in self-improvement remained throughout his life. Work as a Telegrapher Edison began working at an early age, as most boys did at the time. At thirteen he took a job as a newsboy, selling newspapers and candy on the local railroad that ran through Port Huron to Detroit. He seems to have spent much of his free time reading scientific, and technical books, and also had the opportunity at this time to learn how to operate a telegraph. By the time he was sixteen, Edison was proficient enough to work as a telegrapher full time. First Patent The development of the telegraph was the first step in the communication revolution, and the telegraph industry expanded rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. This rapid growth gave Edison and others like him a chance to travel, see the country, and gain experience. Edison worked in a number of cities throughout the United States before arriving in Boston in 1868. Here Edison began to change his profession from telegrapher to inventor. He received his first patent on an electric vote recorder, a device intended for use by elected bodies such as Congress to speed the voting process. This invention was a commercial failure. Edison resolved that in the future he would only invent things that he was certain the public would want. Marriage to Mary Stilwell Edison moved to New York City in 1869. He continued to work on inventions related to the telegraph, and developed his first successful invention, an improved stock ticker called the Universal Stock Printer. For this and some related inventions, Edison was paid $40,000. This gave Edison the money he needed to set up his first small laboratory and manufacturing facility in Newark, New Jersey in 1871. During the next five years, Edison worked in Newark inventing and manufacturing devices that greatly improved the speed and efficiency of the telegraph. He also found time to get married to Mary Stilwell and start a family. Move to Menlo Park In 1876 Edison sold all his Newark manufacturing concerns and moved his family and staff of assistants to the small village of Menlo Park, twenty-five miles southwest of New York City. Edison established a new facility containing all the equipment necessary to work on any invention. This research and development laboratory was the first of its kind anywhere; the model for later, modern facilities such as Bell Laboratories, this is sometimes considered to be Edisons greatest invention. Here Edison began to change the world. The first great invention developed by Edison in Menlo Park was the tin foil phonograph. The first machine that could record and reproduce sound created a sensation and brought Edison international fame. Edison toured the country with the tin foil phonograph  and was invited to the White House to demonstrate it to President Rutherford B. Hayes in April 1878. Edison next undertook his greatest challenge, the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. The idea of electric lighting was not new, and a number of people had worked on, and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edisons eventual achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical.    Thomas Edison Founds an Industry Based on Electricity After one and a half years of work, success was achieved when an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread burned for thirteen and a half hours. The first public demonstration of the Edisons incandescent lighting system was in December 1879, when the Menlo Park laboratory complex was electrically lighted. Edison spent the next several years creating the electric industry. In September 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation providing light and power to customers in a one square mile area; the electric age had begun.    Fame Wealth The success of his electric light brought Edison to new heights of fame and wealth, as electricity spread around the world. Edisons various electric companies continued to grow until in 1889 they were brought together to form Edison General Electric. Despite the use of Edison in the company title however, Edison never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry had necessitated the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. When Edison General Electric merged with its leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name, and the company became simply General Electric. Marriage to Mina Miller This period of success was marred by the death of Edisons wife Mary in 1884. Edisons involvement in the business end of the electric industry had caused Edison to spend less time in Menlo Park. After Marys death, Edison was there even less, living instead in New York City with his three children. A year later, while vacationing at a friends house in New England, Edison met Mina Miller and fell in love. The couple was married in February 1886 and moved to West Orange, New Jersey where Edison had purchased an estate, Glenmont, for his bride. Thomas Edison lived here with Mina until his death.    New Laboratory Factories When Edison moved to West Orange, he was doing experimental work in makeshift facilities in his electric lamp factory in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. A few months after his marriage, however, Edison decided to build a new laboratory in West Orange itself, less than a mile from his home. Edison possessed the both the resources and experience by this time to build, the best equipped and largest laboratory extant and the facilities superior to any other for rapid and cheap development of an invention. The new laboratory complex consisting of five buildings opened in November 1887. A three story main laboratory building contained a power plant, machine shops, stock rooms, experimental rooms and a large library. Four smaller one story buildings built perpendicular to the main building contained a physics lab, chemistry lab, metallurgy lab, pattern shop, and chemical storage. The large size of the laboratory not only allowed Edison to work on any sort of project, but also allowed him to work on as many as ten or twenty projects at once. Facilities were added to the laboratory or modified to meet Edisons changing needs as he continued to work in this complex until his death in 1931. Over the years, factories to manufacture Edison inventions were built around the laboratory. The entire laboratory and factory complex eventually covered more than twenty acres and employed 10,000 people at its peak during World War One (1914-1918). After opening the new laboratory, Edison began to work on the phonograph again, having set the project aside to develop the electric light in the late 1870s. By the 1890s, Edison began to manufacture phonographs for both home, and business use. Like the electric light, Edison developed everything needed to have a phonograph work, including records to play, equipment to record the records, and equipment to manufacture the records and the machines. In the process of making the phonograph practical, Edison created the recording industry. The development and improvement of the phonograph was an ongoing project, continuing almost until Edisons death.    The Movies While working on the phonograph, Edison began working on a device that, does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear, this was to become motion pictures. Edison first demonstrated motion pictures in 1891, and began commercial production of movies two years later in a peculiar looking structure, built on the laboratory grounds, known as the Black Maria. Like the electric light and phonograph before it, Edison developed a complete system, developing everything needed to both film and show motion pictures. Edisons initial work in motion pictures was pioneering and original. However, many people became interested in this third new industry Edison created, and worked to further improve on Edisons early motion picture work. There were therefore many contributors to the swift development of motion pictures beyond the early work of Edison. By the late 1890s, a thriving new industry was firmly established, and by 1918 the industry had become so competitive that Edison got out of the movie business all together.    Even a Genius Can have a Bad Day 1890sgreatest failure    A Profitable Product alkaline battery . By 1911, Thomas Edison had built a vast industrial operation in West Orange. Numerous factories had been built through the years around the original laboratory, and the staff of the entire complex had grown into the thousands. To better manage operations, Edison brought all the companies he had started to make his inventions together into one corporation, Thomas A. Edison Incorporated, with Edison as president and chairman. Aging Gracefully In the 1915, Edison was asked to head the Naval Consulting Board. With the United States inching closer towards the involvement in World War One, the Naval Consulting Board was an attempt to organize the talents of the leading scientists and inventors in the United States for the benefit of the American armed forces. Edison favored preparedness, and accepted the appointment. The Board did not make a notable contribution to the final allied victory, but did serve as a precedent for future successful cooperation between scientists, inventors and the United States military. During the war, at age seventy, Edison spent several months on Long Island Sound in a borrowed navy vessel experimenting on techniques for detecting submarines. Honoring a Lifetime of Achievement Edisons role in life began to change from inventor and industrialist to cultural icon, a symbol of American ingenuity, and a real life Horatio Alger story. In 1928, in recognition of a lifetime of achievement, the United States Congress voted Edison a special Medal of Honor. In 1929 the nation celebrated the golden jubilee of the incandescent light. The celebration culminated at a banquet honoring Edison given by Henry Ford at Greenfield Village, Fords new American history museum, which included a complete restoration of the Menlo Park Laboratory. Attendees included President Herbert Hoover and many of the leading American scientists and inventors. The last experimental work of Edisons life was done at the request of Edisons good friends Henry Ford, and Harvey Firestone in the late 1920s. They asked Edison to find an alternative source of rubber for use in automobile tires. The natural rubber used for tires up to that time came from the rubber tree, which does not grow in the United States. Crude rubber had to be imported and was becoming increasingly expensive. With his customary energy and thoroughness, Edison tested thousands of different plants to find a suitable substitute, eventually finding a type of Goldenrod weed that could produce enough rubber to be feasible. Edison was still working on this at the time of his death. A Great Man Dies During the last two years of his life Edison was in increasingly poor health. Edison spent more time away from the laboratory, working instead at Glenmont. Trips to the family vacation home in Fort Myers, Florida became longer. Edison was past eighty and suffering from a number of ailments. In August 1931 Edison collapsed at Glenmont. Essentially house bound from that point, Edison steadily declined until at 3:21 am on October 18, 1931 the great man died.

Pricing and Revenue Management in the Supply Chain

Pricing and Revenue Management in the Supply Chain The Council of Community Colleges of Jamaica Turks and Caicos Community College Supply Chain Management MGMT 4801 Lecturer: Ms. M. Hosten Due Date: October 9th, 2012 Name: Donnell Lightbourne Table of Content What is Revenue Management? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 3 Foundations for Strategic Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 3 Impact and Conditions of RM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 4 Segments of Revenue Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 5-8 Practicing Revenue Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pg. 9 User of Revenue Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... pg. 10 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ pg.†¦show more content†¦For the firm to take advantage of revenue management, the supplier must bound the amount of capacity committed to lower price segment even if sufficient demand exist from the lower price segment to use the entire capacity. The basic trade-off here is between committing to an order from a lower price or waiting for a high price to arrive later on. The risks in such situation are spoilage and spill. Spoilage occurs when capacity is wasted because demand from high price doesn’t materialize. Spill occurs if higher price segments have to be refused because capacity has already been committed to lower price segment. u If a supplier serves numerous customer segments with a fixed benefit, the provider can improve revenues by setting different prices for eac h segment u Prices must be set with barriers such that the segment willing to pay more is not able to pay the lower price u The amount of the asset set aside for the higher price segment is such that the expected marginal revenue from the higher priced segment equals the price of the lower price segment Perishable Assets There are two revenue management tactics used for perishable assets: ⇠¨ Vary price over time to maximize expected revenue ⇠¨ Overbook sales of the assets to account for cancellations The first tactic is appropriate for assets such as fashion wear that have clear date beyond which they lose a lot of their value; clothing designed for a particular season loses its value whenShow MoreRelatedWalmart, The Largest Public Service Company1342 Words   |  6 Pagesoperations, the company garnered revenues of $700,000 in sales. 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Informative Speech Outline on Alcatraz Essay - 1090 Words

* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories of mistreatment and escape attempts exaggerated in movies and television shows. III. Alcatraz served as the federal government’s response to post-prohibition America. Both the institution†¦show more content†¦C. As quoted in a report by the Bureau of Prisons, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Alcatraz served an important purpose in taking the strain off the older and greatly overcrowded institutions†¦ since it enabled us to move the smaller, closely guarded escape artists, the big-time racketeers†¦ and those who needed protection from other groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Now that you know the kind of prisoners that were sent to Alcatraz, II. I will discuss life on the island and as an inmate in the prison. A. Each prisoner received a copy of the Rules and Regulations for the Government†¦ Correctional Institutions as well as a copy of the warden’s special rules that explained the daily routine of work and counts. The inmates were awakened at 6:30am to begin their day. They were required to clean up themselves and their cell and required to shave three times a week. B. Alcatraz was to be operated on the principle of very limited privileges to inmates. The privilege of visitors had to be earned, and mail privileges were limited. They each held jobs within the prison in the tailor shop, laundry, cobblers shop, model shop, gardening, or help with the food prep in the mess hall. C. Contrary to what the movies portray, there were no experiments made on the prisoners, and the inmates that were transferred there were already twisted and disturbed; Alcatraz didn’t turn them into monsters. There was however, a dungeon that prisoners were locked in if they misbehaved, and they also had a rule of silence, where they could notShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline on Alcatraz1081 Words   |  5 Pages* Alcatraz Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topicRead MoreInformative Speech on Alcatraz1097 Words   |  5 PagesInformative Speech Outline General Purpose: To inform the class Specific Purpose: To describe to the audience a brief history of Alcatraz. Thesis: Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the mystery that surrounds it and the stories exaggerated in movies and television shows. INTRODUCTION I. If you disobey the rules of society, they send you to prison; if you disobey the rules of the prison, they send you to Alcatraz. II. Alcatraz has been a popular social topic because of the

Masaccio, Donatello, and Brunelleschi Renaissance Pioneers Essay Example For Students

Masaccio, Donatello, and Brunelleschi Renaissance Pioneers Essay The pioneer generation of the Renaissance artists was generally considered to be the painter Mosaic, the sculptor Donated, and the architect Brucellosis. They applied Humanist thinking to art by using the styles of the classical world, instead of their immediate past, to depict the world around them in a naturalistic manner. The idealized statuary of classical antiquity served as their models, while in architecture the classical orders were applied to Renaissance buildings. They also extended their understanding of light and shadow, of perspective and anatomy. Mosaic was a key Florentine painter of the early Renaissance whose great work, the frescoes in the Britannica Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence, remained influential throughout the Renaissance. He learned about mathematical proportion from his friend Brucellosis, which was crucial to his revival of the principles of scientific perspective. From Donated he gained knowledge of the classical styles of art that led him away from the prevailing Gothic style of painting. He inaugurated a new naturalistic approach to painting that as concerned less with flat surfaces and ornamentation than with simplicity and the illusion of three dimensions. The fresco series he painted for the Britannica Chapel in about 1427, illustrates one of his greatest innovations, the use of light to define the human body and its draperies. In these frescoes, rather than bathing his scenes in flat uniform light that was common to most current painting techniques, he painted them as if they were illuminated from a single source of light (in this case, the actual chapel window). This created a unique mix of light and shadow that gave them a natural, realistic quality hat was unknown in the art that was produced in his day. He put into practice Brutishnesss theories about how to project depth beyond a flat painted surface, employing the lines of painted architecture to create a convincing illusion of space. Donated, one of the greatest of all Italian Renaissance artists, was a master of sculpture in both marble and bronze. He had a more detailed and wide-ranging knowledge of ancient sculpture than any other artist of his day. When he was 17 years old, he assisted the noted sculptor Lorenz Gibber in constructing and escorting the famous bronze doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. In his bronze David (c. 1430); Donated created probably the first freestanding bronze nude since antiquity. The adolescents slim, sinuous lines, and his nudity, which was emphasized by his hat, symbolized the Renaissance ideal of physical grace and beauty. Used the sole surviving ancient Roman equestrian statue, the Marcus Aurelias, as a model, and reinvented the mode of presenting a great general. He elevated the group on a high base, gave the rider an alert and commanding energy, and made the eider and horse convincingly proportionate to each other. In a later period, Donated broke away from classical influences and emphasized realism and the portrayal of character and dramatic action in his work. A notable example of his sculpture of this period is the wood sculpture of Mary Magdalene (c. 1454). He used a powerful realism that gives his statues a distinct look. Donated had an immense impact on the art and the artists of the Renaissance. He invented the shallow relief technique in which the sculpture seems deep but is actually done on a very shallow plane. He seemed to be equally at home this type of sculpture as his freestanding statues. He also make much use wood as well as marble and bronze. Donated characterized his figures as individuals and was also a major influence on the development of realism in Italian painting, Brutishnesss revival of classical forms and his championing of an architecture based on mathematics, proportion, and perspective make him a key artistic figure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. He was trained as a sculptor and goldsmith in a Florentine workshop. He spent overall years in Rome studying sculpture and measuring ancient buildings in Rome to understand the harmony of classical proportions in architecture. .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .postImageUrl , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:hover , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:visited , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:active { border:0!important; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:active , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins EssayIn 1418 received the commission to execute the dome of the unfinished Gothic Cathedral of Florence the Doom. The dome, a great innovation both artistically and technically, consists of two octagonal vaults, one inside the other. Brucellosis made a design feature of the necessary eight ribs of the vault, carrying them over to the exterior of the dome, where they provide the framework for the domes decorative elements, which also include architectural relief, circular windows, and a beautifully proportioned cupola. This was the first time that a dome created the same strong effect on the exterior as it did on the interior. In other buildings: the Medici Church of San Lorenz, and the Esplanade dogleg Innocent; Brucellosis devised an austere, geometric style that was inspired by the art of ancient Rome. It was completely different from the emotional, elaborate Gothic style that was still popular in his time. Brutishnesss style emphasized mathematical rigor in its use of straight lines, flat planes, and cubic spaces. This wall architecture, with its flat facades, set the tone for many of the later buildings of the Florentine Renaissance. Later in his career he moved away from this linear, geometric style to a somewhat more sculptural style. For example, the interior of one of his buildings was formed not by his usual flat walls, but by massive niches that opened from a central octagon. Baroque. His influence on his contemporaries and immediate followers was very strong and has been felt even in the 20th century, when modern architects came to revere him as the first great exponent of rational architecture.

Comparison Of Hero And Government In Beowulf And Oedipus Rex Essays

Comparison of Hero and Government in Beowulf and Oedipus Rex Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon folk epic written by an unknown author. It was written sometime during the eighth century. Oedipus Rex is an Ancient Greek tragedy written by the playwright Sophocles sometime around 430 BC. Although the two works were written during two different time periods, in two different places, and are different kinds of literature, they can still be compared and contrasted. These two works contain many similarities and differences in the depiction of hero and the depiction of government. Beowulf tells the story of one of the most heroic men of Anglo-Saxon times. The hero, Beowulf, is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters terrifying monsters and the most brutal beasts, but he never fears the threat of death. Beowulf is the ultimate epic hero who risks his life countless times for great honor and for the good of others. Oedipus Rex is a tragic play, which discusses the tragic discovery of Oedipus--that he has killed his father, and married his mother. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gains the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of Sphinx. The two heroes, Beowulf and Oedipus, are very similar in some aspects and also quite different in others. The first similarity in the depiction of hero is that both heroes are of aristocratic birth. Beowulf is the cousin of Higlac, who is King of the Geats. Oedipus is the adopted son of Polybus and Merope, the King and Queen of Corinth. Furthermore, his real parents are Laius and Jocasta, King and Queen of Thebes. Another similarity is that both heroes end a period of suffering by abolishing a monster. Beowulf ends the suffering in Herot by killing the monster Grendel. "A prince of the Geats, had killed Grendel, / Ended the grief, the sorrow, the suffering / Forced on Hrothgar's helpless people / By a bloodthirsty fiend." (lines 482 - 485) Oedipus is responsible for ending the Sphinx's reign of terror upon the city of Thebes. He does not physically kill the monster as Beowulf does; he merely answers the Sphinx's riddle. When he does so, the Sphinx kills herself. A third similarity is that both heroes are challenged by another character in the story. Beowulf is challenged by Unferth, and Oedipus is challenged by Tiresias. When challenged, both heroes arrogantly boast about their accomplishments. "No man swims in the sea / As I can, no strength is a match for mine." (lines 253 - 254) Beowulf goes on boasting to Unferth, "Nine was the number / Of sea-huge monsters I killed. What man, / Anywhere under heaven's high arch, has fought / In such darkness, endured more misery or been harder / Pressed?" (lines 294 - 298) When challenged by Tiresias Oedipus says, "Tell me when you ever played the prophet straight? Or why when the she-dog Sphinx of riddles sang, you never spoke a thing to break that spell? ?But I, the Oedipus who stumbled here without a hint, could snuff her out by human wit." (page 38) A difference between Beowulf and Oedipus is that each has different qualities that qualify him as a hero. Beowulf is classified as a hero because of his physical strength a nd bravery. "Beowulf, Higlac's / Follower and the strongest of the Geats-greater / And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world." (lines 131 - 133) Beowulf comes to help the Danes in a time of need. This shows him as a dignified example for all human beings, classifying him as an epic hero. Oedipus is not classified as a hero because of his physical strength but rather because of his mental strengths. He uses intellect to solve the riddle of the Sphinx. Many of the most intelligent men of Thebes have been killed trying to answer the riddle, but Oedipus proves his intelligence superior to theirs. Moreover, Oedipus differs from Beowulf as a hero in that his traits that give him riches and power ultimately lead him to his tragic ending. Thus, Oedipus is classified as a tragic hero.

How a style guide can transform your organisations documents

How a style guide can transform your organisations documents Why you need a style guide Whats one thing you can do to transform everything you write at work? In fact, not just what you write: what your colleagues write too – even everyone in your entire organisation. Better still, as well as improving the emails, reports, letters, proposals and other documents you all produce, it can overhaul everyones experience of writing. So what is this magical act? Well, its taking the time to think about style. (And no, I dont mean what to wear on casual Friday.) Specifically, working with a style guide. Defining style And what is a style guide? In short, its the go-to reference for writing within a particular industry, organisation or publication. It outlines how to write the key documents in whatever arena it covers, touching on tone of voice, key terms, formatting and (sometimes) design. Style guides are particularly great at coming to the rescue on any questions that dont have an easy black-and-white, right-or-wrong answer. This would include things like whether to put one or two spaces after a full stop, how to punctuate bullet points, using US or UK spelling and how to style your company name in running text. (And hasnt every workplace or department temporarily ground to a halt at some point, as factions gathered to fight over such a matter?) When a question can be answered only in shades of grey, someone needs to make a style choice. Theyll decide that – for example – theyll always use one space after a full stop, US spelling and an initial capital for their company name. And then everyone at the company will always do it that way. Style guides are the norm in the publishing world. But youll find them in all kinds of fields, including law, medicine, academia, government – and increasingly in business too. Do you need one? Is a style guide right for you and your company? Yes, probably. That may seem like a bold statement (I dont know you, after all). But its a safe guess, because a style guide can help people at almost every level of almost any organisation. For example, if youre a team leader who spends too much time editing colleagues documents and emails before youre happy with them, a style guide can help. If youre the head of marketing and frustrated that the tone of voice in your companys external documents is at odds with your brand, a style guide can help. And if you find yourself heading to Google again and again over the same sort of questions – you may have guessed already. Yes, a style guide could definitely help. What style can do for you So, what benefits can a style guide bring? Well, it can help to settle office arguments. But it can do much more than that. When everyone has the same reference point, the key benefit is consistency. And for a companys or organisations written output – whether thats documents, webpages, letters, emails or all of the above – this is vital. Small inconsistencies in spelling, formatting or tone may not seem like a big deal. But they can niggle at the people reading them – even if those people dont realise quite why. Page by page, or screen by screen, those little irregularities chip away at their confidence in your company. How about that overstretched team leader? Consistencys important for them too. After all, it could mean the difference between needing just 20 minutes to sign off their teams work or several hours and another late night at the office. And its not just the time – its the decisions themselves. With no authority giving a casting vote on style matters, the poor team leader is left to decide every time. That can be exhausting. Research suggests we have capacity for only a limited number of decisions a day, even the seemingly tiny ones. So, finding ways to bypass some of them means preserving a valuable resource: your mental energy. This saving naturally extends to every person writing within the organisation – which, in the age of email, is probably almost everyone. With just one handy reference to check, all are saved from falling into a potential black hole of online searching. Pick a guide (not any guide) But how do you go about choosing the style guide for your organisation? You can choose to use someone elses, such as the highly regarded, informed and eloquent guides of The Economist and Guardian. As long as everyone at your workplace knows which one theyre supposed to check, this can work. However, the best style guides are effective because theyre relevant: everything in them applies to the work that people at the organisation actually do. For most of us, that doesnt include writing articles for the Guardian. When you try to bend someone elses guidance to your needs, you can find yourself stuck with a lot of information thats of little use to you. (For example, the Guardians guide includes a curiously detailed entry on canal boats, and how narrowboats differ from barges.) Meanwhile, youll probably also be missing areas you do need. So you might want to refine your search. For a more business-focused book, you could look no further than our own. We produced The Write Stuff as a universal guide to help people write at work. Thats why it includes sections on writing for the web and for a global audience, tips for clear writing and getting the best from email. Plus, of course, our take on those tricky style issues. Its designed to answer the kinds of questions that youre likely to face at work. You can download it for yourself here. Build your own The ultimate answer is to develop your own guide, purpose-built for your organisation. But how do you go about this? You dont have to start from scratch. Instead, start by looking at whats already out there to see what could be covered, then adapt it to fit as needed. Then pin down the questions that crop up repeatedly in your department or company. Which decisions have to be made over and over again? Which words and terms cause problems or dispute? Is the company name formatted in too many different ways? What tone of voice are you hoping to encourage? What values best sum up your company ethos? How can this be reflected in your writing choices? Gather examples to illustrate all these points – youll need to include these. Create a list, then ask other people to look at the list and add their own ideas. Keep in mind that this isnt a place to catalogue everyones personal punctuation bugbears or to explain complex grammatical issues. (The latter might require training; the former may be best reserved for a personal blog.) Remember that youre aiming to end up with a useful resource for quick reference. Making it work Clearly, even the best guide will do little good if no one uses it or even knows it exists. So bring your colleagues into the process early on: ask them for their thoughts on drafts and for feedback on the finished article. Theyre more likely to take it to their hearts if they dont feel like its merely the product of one persons mission. When its published, consider having a launch event to get people on board and enthusiastic – you could even combine the launch with training. And make the guide easy to find. A searchable online version is good, as long as its not buried on your intranet. But if you really want to encourage people to thumb through it regularly, go old-school and put a hard copy on everyones desk. We can help Even for a seasoned editor, all this can sound like a daunting task. If it does to you, thats OK. You can enlist some experienced help. Weve worked with many clients to create guides that are a perfect fit for their company. Starting with The Write Stuff as a basis, we work directly with them to see what we need to add (or subtract). For example, one client added a section on how to write for PowerPoint. Another cut Writing for a global audience and added guidance on referencing and bibliographies. And whatever additions or subtractions make sense for your team or organisation, by consulting every step of the way we can create the reference that is exactly what you need. If youd like to talk to us about developing the right guide for your company, get in touch. Finding the answers Writing at work comes with all kinds of challenges. It involves hundreds of tiny decisions along the way and – as weve said before – theres no one authority on high to tell us whats correct in the widest sense. The good news is that that doesnt really matter. Within the cosier confines of your daily working life – and with the right book on your desk – you can still have all the answers you really need in one place. If you feel its time for you to settle on a style for your team or organisation, dont forget you can download our guide, The Write Stuff, here. And if youd like to talk to us about helping to develop one tailor-made for you, get in touch. Image credit: Eric Isselee / Shutterstock

Comprehension Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comprehension Critique - Essay Example In their findings, they noted that all students in the first two cohorts who had graduated were absorbed in the teaching jobs. Furthermore, since the deployments of the two batches, the number of nurses had increased, owing to the fact that now the faculty could afford to enroll more students as a result of availability of teachers. Thus, they concluded that the shortage in the number of nurse could be addressed by increasing the number of faculties since there was going to be a steady supply of lecturers. A lesson to the authorities in charge was to ensure there was to be an increase in the faculties of nursing if the shortage of nurses was to be solved. Their research was reasonably reliable but is not the lasting solution. This is because the funded students in the accelerated doctorate program may decide to down their tools after three years of service. If this will be so, then what will be the fate of the students already admitted into the nursing faculties? I bet they will lack tutors to foresee their academic needs. Furthermore, what will happen if the fund were pulled out? I guess that the doctorate students will pull out. Thus, this solution only applies if the said factors will not happen. Gerolamo, Angela, Roemer & Grace (2011), decided to establish if the key issues behind the shortages of nurse was connected to work load within the faculty. Using qualitative secondary literature review, they worked out on three main objectives namely: to establish the meaning of shortage in the faculty, evidence that shortage is affecting the work process, and analyze policies affecting the process of nurse activities. In their study, they compared the literature concerning work load and nursing and other faculties. In their findings, they noted that all literature concerning nursing shortages pointed to work load as the main cause. Furthermore, they established that

RPOGRAM ANALYSIS OF FIRE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RPOGRAM ANALYSIS OF FIRE - Essay Example The proposed gym and training area/center will be constructed such that 30% and 70% of it is indoors and outdoors respectively. In terms of design and planning, the program will resemble a military training program from which fire fighters can adapt the same training methods such as rope climbing and tacking hurdles. The application of the site analysis to the community program is to facilitate evaluation of developmental constrains. For instance, while the analysis of surrounding buildings and structures is essential, the topographical characteristics such as terrain are considered. Based on the weather, soil, and available vegetation, the design and construction of the gym and training area/center would rely on this information. From a business perspective, the site analysis will consider how different other variables such as demographics and distribution interact within the area. For instance, the program will make use of a central location from which prospective clients can access the premises. In addition, the dimensions of the gym and the training center will depend on the approximate number of clients within the community. Finally, the site analysis will consider legal aspects of architectural development such as building policies, regulation of private and public structures, and availabi lity space for rental or purchase (Zimmerman,

Do attitudes predict behaviour

Do attitudes predict behaviour Do attitudes predict behaviour? The relationship between attitudes and behaviour is one of the most controversial topics in social psychology. Though the definition of attitudes can not be confirmed yet, this essay uses the description in Hoggs and Vaughans book (1995) that attitudes are â€Å"a general feeling or evaluation about persons, object or issue as well as a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, evens or symbols†. This definition indicates that there is a close relationship between attitudes and behaviour. While some critical evidences arose to show that attitudes have little predictive power on behaviour after the LaPieres experiment (1934), the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is still being researched as one of the main topic in the social psychology during recent years. This essay will analyse the link between the attitudes and behaviour. This essay begins by looking at the attitude-behaviour in consistency and then will go on to focus on the theory of planned behaviour which may be regarded as the key theory to deal with the attitude-behaviour relationship. It is so naive as to think a persons attitudes and behaviour are linked directly and consistently. It can be seen all the time that people say they want to keep fit but they never do excises, people are worried about global warming while they are driving high exhaust cars and using air-conditions. The discovery of the attitude-behaviour inconsistency goes back to 1930s America depending on the work of the Stanford sociologist Richard LaPiere. At that time, the people in the US had a strong prejudice on Asian. After LaPiere and his two Chinese friends traveled through the US, they were pleasantly surprised to find that out of the 250 hotels and restaurants they visited, all but one served them courteously. Six months later, LaPiere sent a questionnaire to all the hotels and restaurants they visited, asking â€Å"will you accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment?† Incredibly 90% of participants answered no, they would not accept Chinese race into their establishment. This experiment do shows the inconsistency of attitudes and behaviour. After this research, Wicker (1969) found that the average correlation between attitudes and behaviour was only 0.15, which indicated the weak link between attitudes and behaviour. Though LaPieres experiment caused critics to the attitude-behaviour consistency, it did not deny the link between attitudes and behaviour. LaPieres experiment was not designed for attitudes research and there were some problems lay in the questionnaire that may lead some mistakes in this study: the people who answered the questionnaires might not be the person who severed the Chinese couple; the responders did not be told that the Chinese couple was polite, educated and well-dressed; attitudes may have changed during the six months. One of the influence factors in LaPieres experiment is the measurement method of attitudes. It is not easy to measure attitudes and researchers rely heavily on asking people and using questionnaires which are all self-described methods. States by Fiske (2004), self-report measurement is more easily to gain the explicit attitudes than the implicit attitudes. When the conflict between explicit and implicit attitudes happened, behaviour is always coursed by implicit attitude. As implicit attitudes always gained from indirect and complex methods, self-described method can hardly indicates it. The research done by Sherman, Rose and Koch, et al (2003) on implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking shows that implicit attitudes can predict behaviour more stably and accurately. Implicit attitudes are seldom influenced by other factors which can disrupt the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. In the other words, the using of self-described questionnaires for measuring the attitudes may become a cause of inaccuracy in the prediction of the behaviour. Another important factor influenced LaPieres study is the six months. Though attitude is a stable and enduring evaluation, it may change as the time went by. So as the questionnaires were done after six months, the participants attitudes may have changed during the six month which may lead to the illusion that attitudes do not predict behaviour. As to the other studies on the link between attitudes and behaviour, time interval always exists between the measurement of attitude and behaviour. Some times it would last a long time, six months, a month; or some times just a week. But no matter how long it was, attitude may probably have changed during this period. This will influence the consistency between attitude and behaviour as well. When attitudes are used to predict behaviour, it would be influenced by many different variables, such as the methods of attitudes measurement as mentioned above, the attitude strength, social norm, past experience and habits, etc. So the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is not related in a one-to-one fashion (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). The general models dealing with link between attitudes and behaviour are the reasoned action theory (TRA) and the planned behaviour theory (TPB). These two theories are not in conflict, TPB is an improvement of the first theory. The reasoned action theory was first put forward by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1974 which believed that behavioural intention is the result of the combination of subjective norm and attitude towards the behaviour and the behavioural intention leads to the behaviour. That is people will behaviour after evaluated by the attitude towards the behaviour and judge the propriety by the subjective norm. It emphasises that people can control the behaviour consciously, for example, â€Å"I can do exercises regularly if I really want to keep fit†. However, as it mentioned above, there are few people do exercise though they want to keep fit. Further more some kinds of behaviour are less under peoples conscious control. For example, people will behave under the automatically activated attitudes without thinking rationally to choose the best reason for action. The repeated behaviour such as smoking as a habit may become divorced from attitude. This kind of automatically activated attitude like habits occurs frequently in daily. So people may only think rationally when they faced new or difficult situations. In addition, a behaviour that performed successfully not only depends on the behavioural intention, but also some other variables, such as opportunities and technologiesï ¼Ë†Peach, . Jimmieson and White, 2005ï ¼â€° In order to describe the link between attitudes and behaviour more accurately, the planned behaviour theory (TPB) was carried out by Ajzen at 1989 as the extension of the original theory. Perceived behavioural control is the improvement in the TPB which means the persons belief about how easy or difficult to perform an act. To make such a decision, people need to combine the past experience with the present obstacles. The accuracy of the prediction of behaviour was improved in the study that Beck and Ajzen (1991) have done about the students dishonest behaviour since the perceived behavioural control has been measured (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). So in the TRA and TPB, both the external variables such as opportunities, resources and the peoples internal variables such as normative beliefs and abilities are taken into consideration. This combination of external and internal makes TPB becomes the key theory dealing with the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. In these two theori es, the action could be predicted if the persons attitude and social norm are favorable, as well as the level of perceived behavioural control is high. In this essay, the relationship between attitudes and behaviour has been analysed. The inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour was described followed by the reasons why this could happen in the LaPieres experiment. The self-report measurement which is widely used to measure attitudes has been evaluated as it would cause some inaccuracy in the prediction of future actions. The reasoned action theory (TRA) and planned behaviour theory (TPB) have been introduced in details as the main theories dealing with the link between attitudes and behaviour. To conclude, attitudes do predict behaviour once the variables in the measurement and the TPB are well-controlled. The scope of this paper was limited by the lack of introducing other variables influence the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. However the first step is to realizse that attitude can predict behaviour no matter storge or weak. Reference Fiske S T. Social Being: a Core Motive Approach to Social psychology. John Wiley Sons, Int, 2004. 244~249 Hogg, Michael A. and Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 150~171 Peach M, Jimmieson N L, And White K M. Beliefs underlying employee readiness to support a building relocation: a theory of planned behavior perspective. Organization Development Journal, 2005, 23(3), 9~23 Sherman S J, Rose J S and Koch K, et al. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: The effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 22(1), 13~40

Discuss the Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art Essay

Minority Presence in Contemporary British Art "Highly visible yet evasively mute." Art critic Kobena Mercer, comments on the current position of African and Asian artists in Contemporary British Art, when he suggests that minority artists are seen and not heard. This oxymoronic position derives from a long historical legacy of European colonization and the emphasis on 'racial inferiority' and 'otherness.' On the one hand, British art is progressive, allowing some minority art in the general art world. Yet on the other hand minority art is still marginalized by the preferential treatment given to white artists. There is a strong degree of accuracy in Mercer's statement because while minority art can now be 'seen,' the 'voice' is suppressed when the 'ethnic element' is too strong. Subordination comes in many forms. Not only do minority artists have a limited gallery presence in major galleries, but finding information on them can be utterly impossible when the current focus of British art revolves around what it means to be British. The only minority artists that are visible are artists who either play up white stereotypes or allude to a Western artistic tradition. An examination of these artists and the current art climate, indicate that the visible presence of minority artists is controlled by preconceived traditions and perceptions. The difficulties facing minority artists in Britain today relate to the current climate of the art world. A quiet tug-o-war exists between the effort to globalize the British art and return to white dominance. Multiculturalism is everywhere; however, it often plays an artificial role in that its purpose is to fulfill a quota. The predominately white yBa movement defines the current art worl... ...the boat' too much. African/Asian artists must allude to either white stereotypes or traditions, to survive in an art world that continues to be dominated by the majority. Works Cited Chambers, Eddie interview with Petrine Archer Straw. From Annotations 5: Run through the jungle selected writings by Eddie Chambers. Edited by GilaneTawdrows and Victoria Clarke. London: inIva, 1999, pp 21-31 King, Catherine. Views of Difference: Different Views of Art. Yale University Press: London, 1999. Mercer, Kobena, 'Ethnicity and Internationality: New British Art and Diaspora-Based Blackness', Third Text, Winter 1999-2000, p 55 Robinson, Hilary. Visibly Female. 1986 from an interview with Yasmin Kureshi. Reworking Myths: Sutapa Biswas Stallabrass, Julian. High Art Light. Verso: London, 1999. from Ofili, interview with Marco Spinelli, 'Brilliant' pg. 7

Effects of modern gadgets to high school students Essay

PREFACE PART ONE What is a Person? Chapter 1 Missing Persons Chapter 2 An Apocalypse of Self-Abdication Chapter 3 The Noosphere Is Just Another Name for Everyone‟s Inner Troll PART TWO What Will Money Be? Chapter 4 Digital Peasant Chic Chapter 5 The City Is Built to Music Chapter 6 The Lords of the Clouds Renounce Free Will in Order to Become Infinitely Lucky Chapter 7 The Prospects for Humanistic Cloud Economics Chapter 8 Three Possible Future Directions PART THREE The Unbearable Thinness of Flatness Chapter 9 Retropolis Chapter 10 Digital Creativity Eludes Flat Places Chapter 11 All Hail the Membrane PART FOUR Making The Best of Bits Chapter 12 I Am a Contrarian Loop Chapter 13 One Story of How Semantics Might Have Evolved PART FIVE Future Humors Chapter 14 Home at Last (My Love Affair with Bachelardian Neoteny) Acknowledgments Preface IT‟S EARLY in the twenty-first century, and that means that these words will mostly be read by nonpersons—automatons or numb mobs composed of people who are no longer acting as individuals. The words will be minced into atomized search-engine keywords within industrial cloud computing facilities located in remote, often secret locations around the world. They will be copied millions of times by algorithms designed to send an advertisement to some person somewhere who happens to resonate with some fragment of what I say. They will be scanned, rehashed, and misrepresented by crowds of quick and sloppy readers into wikis and automatically aggregated wireless text message streams. Reactions will repeatedly degenerate into mindless chains of anonymous insults and inarticulate controversies. Algorithms will find

Cross-Cultural Management Issue - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3469 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Management Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Cross-cultural management focusses on studying the behavior of individuals from different cultures working together in an organizational setting. It deals with traditional behavioral issues in a workplace such as motivation, leadership, communication, and decision making (Velo, 2011), thus concentrating more on the micro-level study of people within an organization rather than the macro-level study of agencies themselves. Managing cross-cultural issues in international businesses involves more than hygiene factor of the dual-factor motivation theory, and embracing cultural diversity may bring either success or failure of a company. Key Findings Unclear branding positioning is the major cross-cultural management issue analyzed in this research. Brand positioning refers to giving brand benefits focusing on all points of contact with a consumer, giving them a reason to buy that brand in preference of others (Holden, 2006). It involves identifying a location of similarity or difference to create a proper brand identity and a clean brand image. For a business to attain a distinctive area in a market, it had to choose a market niche and gave a differential advantage carefully. It is this area that Marks and Spencer failed in the Chinese market, which is forcing the company to withdraw and close down its stores. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cross-Cultural Management Issue" essay for you Create order Main Recommendation Unclear branding positioning of the MS clothing line brought about disappointing results for the whole merchandise, with a 5.8% drop in sales (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). However, the companys food products are growing stronger and recorded high sales regardless of the cross-cultural management issue. Should reasonable measures be taken on general merchandise and clothing, the company would still be stable in recording top transactions and would not have considered withdrawing from China market. Since the Chinese are proud of buying the MS foods, necessary measures ought to be taken to improve the latter thus would not have to close its stores. Introduction About Marks and Spencer MS is a leading retailer in the UK whose headquarters are in Westminster, London. The company specializes in production and sale of clothes, home products, and luxury foods. Launched by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1884, the company started selling branded products and currently has 979 store in U.K and many other international outlets (Wildman, Griffith, Armon, 2016). The company has recently observed low sales in clothing while food sales are tremendously increasing. Issues and Affected Stakeholders Unclear branding positioning is the major problem affecting the company leading to the stores closure. The giant retailer is speeding up its plans to close down non-performing clothing stores and slowing down the expansion of its food chain (Wildman, Griffith, Armon, 2016). MS is no longer attractive and competitive as it used to be regardless of brand, quality, and price. The company is focusing on reshaping its market and concentrating on most successful locations to restore its high street fortunes. Due to the continued losses in China, the company is withdrawing from the Chinese market, and this will lead to the closure of about ten stores. It is substantially affecting the business, shareholders, and the retail industry. Aims and Outcomes Much as the Chinese love British products, it is unlikely that one will go up the vast building to pick a single imported product available next door in a smaller retail shop or buy expensive fancy clothes while there is a cheaper local alternative. It is unclear positioning that is causing MS to fail in this broad Chinese market thus giving an advantage to domestic companies. This analysis will, therefore, focus on ambiguous branding positioning as a cross-cultural management issue for the MS Company, alongside other problems affecting the success of the business. Discussion Approach to Cross-Cultural Management While the Chinese consider MS foods as premium, British, and high quality, they have a different opinion for fashion and merchandise as it does not gain traction. However, from a product perspective, MS delivers exceptional fashion hit, for example, the legendary dusty coat of AW13 (Warner Joynt, 2011). The retailer excellently positions its food offers through attractive communications and smart activations. With the focus on top quality, organic, and British produce, MS is keeping it simple and sustainable to meet customer expectations. The organization is slowly losing its obsession to protect its market share. Instead of trying to retain its market position by being all things to people a task that is almost impossible, MS is trying to redo its brand by moving upmarket. Its direction of travel is also evident since MS is not opening any more clothing branches, in fact, it is closing stores. After alienating the loss-making market, mark and spencers profits jumped from Euro 2 5.1m to 118.3m (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). The strategy does not look like a bad thing for the company. Besides, MS is significantly defeating traditional supermarkets regarding sales and profits regardless of its high prices. Engagement MS and its shareholders are making huge steps to make the company sales growth. The company is prioritizing improving performance in womenswear as well as increasing the food business, boosting margins, and observing tight control of costs. These move that MS is making towards brand positioning and supply chain will ultimately improve sales and profit margins if they work correctly. MS for instance, by increasing the product designs to 25pc and delivering clothing to stores more frequently, it will succeed to boost availability in stores and introducing new fashion frequently (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). The company now wants to focus on profits and generating cash instead of sales. In fact, the chief executive promised to improve MS profit margins in the clothing arm by 1pc, and the interim results already show growth in margins by 1.5pc (Warner Joynt, 2011). The improvement in margin is a sign that MS fashion business is picking up. The trend is a back up to the CEOs cl aims that the company is improving its quality and style of fashion. It is also gradually recovering from the discounting tradition. Marks and Spencer launched a marketing campaign using ?spend It Well slogan to represent a radical departure for its brand. ?Spend It Well is a slogan representing both food and clothing, and is the first series of advertisements for the brand (Nisbett et al., 2001). MS intends to promote a prevalent attitude that connects customers regardless of their age and demographic. The company, therefore, is using the slogan to focus on emotive experiences, such as being a music festival or waiting tables at the restaurant for consumers whether young or aged. There is entirely a revolution taking place as MS is adopting the discipline of increasing ads. It notably spent 4.9m pounds last year on advertisement campaign. The company now uses the review section of glossies and national press to promote fashion of its women clothing ranges. In fact, when the c ompany advertises its products, the sales rise. The company is taking up measures to revolve around products, merchandising, marketing, and pricing to bring a positive change that will bring about profit growth. Operations The new chief executive is changing the retailers strategy from owning expensive stores to growing the networks of franchise shops. Rowe wants to turn around MS after acquiring a company struggling with womens fashion. The executive aims at scaling back international expansion for the firm to dismantle the past legacy. Interestingly, Rowe already has scrapped down more than 500 head office jobs and reduced the senior management in an attempt to cut down operational costs. The chief executive also agrees that clothes prices are too high and has cut the rates for men and women fashion by up to 15% (Mellahi, Jackson, Sparts, 2002). Another move the company is making is selling its franchise in Hong Kong and Macau. It views this as a more profitable act and consumer-centric for international business. It has led to the closure of several stores in global markets particularly China. Through this, the company is focusing on growing established the franchise, joint ventures, and opera ting fewer stores. The shift and the considerable focus on the franchise model for global niches will significantly benefit MS. It will also help in focusing on the better building of brand image and developing its food products. Although the companys business is failing in China, the shift to focus on food is a worthy move. Analysis Critiques MS differentiates itself from competitor businesses through its brand name. The company gained massive recognition through its affordable quality and different product offerings. The positioning as a quality retailer is, unfortunately, losing its influence which is leading to the continuous sales decline (Nisbett et al., 2001). The company needs to seriously re-evaluate and restore its reputation and brand positioning for it to salvage its sales. The poor selection of store location, as well as reduced maintenance and structure of premises, is not doing MS any justice. The brand is currently more divided as ever since as people shop for food for pleasure, shopping for general merchandise is falling due to the functional stocking of basics and a series of unclear sub-brands (Burt et al., 2012). Even the fans of MS are now keeping quiet because they see it as a place to find hidden gems and not something to shout about in any real or virtual aspirational platforms. Clothing and th e general merchandise seems to be entirely a kettle of fish. Although many go in for socks, pants, and other small stuff, the rest of the more extensive confusing fashion line misses the mark. According to Nisbett et al. (2001), the supply chain has problems relating to timing and strategic entrance, location, and lack of integration. Marks and Spencer offer products that do not attract customers due to inappropriate designs and poor presentation in the Chinese market. Besides, the prices are too high and uncompetitive compared to the local offering. Many Chinese customers complain about packaging and labeling since the company does not include interpretations in a language they understand (Cartwright, Mccormick, Warnaby 2016). On the contrary, MS branches in the UK are well designed and presented correctly, and the market representation is so unique as opposed to the Chinese market. It is such unclear positioning that is making the company fail in China. The promotion side a lso has many weaknesses since there is no store and brand awareness about MS among people. It is even shocking that many Chinese heard of MS after starting to give discounts to close the stores (Cartwright, Mccormick, Warnaby, 2016). It is this rumor that made them know the company exists, an indication that the company is not taking an interest in marketing. MS uses a tiny advertisement budget which lacks to achieve a proper target audience. The business has zero social and cultural understanding, the main reason that facilitated stupid rumors about MS in China. Getting the products right in the fashion industry is crucial. In recent years MS experienced business downturns and lousy brand image due to being old fashioned. Although the company is recovering, it is repeating the same mistake in the Chinese market. According to (Cartwright, Mccormick, Warnaby, 2016), poor sizing, old fashion, poor positioning, and competitive offers are factors making the fashion products to fail . These are making Chinese shoppers show low interest because the clothes are too big and simple. The overall brand positioning is a mess. Evaluation of CCM Criteria In my opinion, the company is doing very little to stress more about its strengths. The retailer prices its products way beyond the market expectations, therefore, needs to adjust the amounts and market efficiently. The company lacks an accessible and broad marketing platform are necessary to succeed in external markets. It, therefore, has not done enough to solve its cross-cultural issues hence the failure. Again, MS traditionally shies away from above-the-line advertising and relies on in-store marketing and point-of-sale (Nisbett et al., 2001). The organization mainly does not seem convinced on investing in costly national TV campaigns. The companys advertising manager says that they will continue with in-store marketing because they have many loyal customers (Peterson Castro, 2006). This kind of thinking is wrong. The company needs to invest in promotional strategies to succeed in the competitive Chinese market. In this case, the company is failing in its cross-cultural man agement and therefore the problem is not appropriately addressed. Chinese shoppers spend much time on social media which creates a rapid and cheap delivery of goods leading to a booming e-commerce sector. MS, on the other hand, is building its online presence which is attracting pure comfort to expats because the retreat from high street will mean lower sales in food and wine in China (Nisbett et al., 2001). In short, the company continues to make losses due to little brand awareness and the fact that it is going online shows the determination to improve. MS is enlarging its scale of online shopping because Chinese consumers opt for more choices and great convenience is a great move. Rowe, the Chief Executive, has a strategy to reduce price ranges and cutting down on clearance sales and promotions while still improving the services (Warner Joynt, 2011). Since he also has programs to close some stores and restructuring others to reflect more online sales, the company is making moves to correct its mistakes. Although the plans are radicle, it shows to be a right strategy for the overall good of the society. The company may not be recording considerable differences in profits and loss accountability, but the thing is, MS is trying a lot to rectify the cross-cultural issues. The company embarked on closing underperforming departments and accelerating the expansion of the food chain. It also has five-year transformation plans to pin primary cost-cutting drives to reduce running costs by 10% from Euro 3.4bn (Peterson Castro, 2006). The company is making adequate progress to remedy urgent issues. The underlying clothing sales were initially flat, but since the company started making changes, a better outcome is now visible; an indication that MS is successfully tackling its issues. Recommendations Possible solutions and Appropriate Actions Focusing on a single occasional item is not enough for addressing the various brand problems surrounding Mark and Spencers fashion. The company has both a brand portfolio and masterpiece issue because with many sub-brands to navigate (Alden, Steenkamp, Batra, 2003). For example, having the autograph, indigo, and Classic among other sub-brands, its fashion experience looks confusing and disjointed. MS can focus on reducing some sub-brands instead of trying its master brand more likable. It could, for instance, have the entire fashion line just known as MS instead of hiding in these many sub-brands. MS has to become clearer about what it stands for, for it to increase the strength of the master brand. The company is in a better position for its quality which has always been part of its heritage. As proven by food, MS can quickly get it right by delivering quality products at a premium. Therefore, for further quality message differentiation, MS can adopt the British message qualit y. Although the company brands are dipped into Britishness through ranges such as ?Best of British, doing this through sub-brands instead of the master brand message is not competent enough to change the overall perception of the brand (Alden, Steenkamp, Batra, 2003). Furthermore, the company can look at other successful British premium brands and then establish the various elements of Britishness it can own and weave into its messaging. Other retailers are pursuing aggressive marketing strategies and repositioning their brands to compete with MS. Others like Asda are setting themselves to match the MS quality and at better prices. On the advertising side, MS ought to address the brand issues head-on instead of focusing on a single product or a seasonal story (Burt et al., 2002). The company can for example overtly acknowledge contradictions in its brand in a cheeky way, just like Skoda did recently. Doing this would be like tapping into real consumer truth rather than adding mo re products in an ambiguous manner that doesnt even get into the core of the matter. In addition to brand strategy, portfolio, and messaging, the CEO should focus on ensuring the in-store experience and product offers live up to enviable heritage and reputation of the brand. Currently, the brand experience defines the name, and neither the customers nor the fans would attest that MS shop experience embodies British quality. The business can notably increase productivity through a focus on IT, by optimizing the number of people who work on projects and improving the speed of delivering solutions (Burt et al., 2002). The management can build a self-service agility and teamwork between the business and IT to restructure its services and productivity. The company needs to revise its pricing strategy to match the local terms using a fare basis and customer purchasing power. Clients and public relation management is an essential factor for long-term success. Premium price justifies the reason for inclusion and MS can use this as a competitive tool against other retailers. Not to mention, the store structure should correspond to Chinese trends for people to find it safe and comfortable. If the company incorporates the above recommendations is its marketing, it will achieve its goals and objectives in China. Conclusions The Chinese market is a promising one and is generating a massive turnover for established brands. Because the consumer market is shifting to less developed countries, MS should not lose its place in these significant emerging markets. I would say that Ms underestimated the uniqueness of the Chinese market by not choosing the proper market strategy for entry. It is this that has brought about barriers in language, social class, culture among others. The China model of MS proves the importance of global marketing. A strong brand with excellent heritage and quality products is failing in the market, the same market overtaking US luxury goods consumption. The essential factor is an appreciation of the market localization and uniqueness, proper cross-cultural management, which ultimately make a difference in market entry and strategy that MS has been struggling with for long. For Marks and Spencer to win back its market niche and get profits, it needs to reduce the number of sub- brands in both men and women wear. A loyalty scheme would also encourage consumers and give MS information about how and when customers shop, the preferences, and personal information. The company also needs to redefine and recognize their target audience, as well as go back to basics that made the successful before the tragic drop in sales. Although globalized, fashion requires localization when entering a new market. Many western companies such as MS forget to localize their styles and advertising. The use of celebrity images from UK and Europe fails to resonate with Chinese consumers. It is crucial that the company uses the right product selection and style for its advertising image. It has to be customized to suit the Chinese market. 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